Did you
panic when you heard in recent news that two
massive solar flares from the Sun were hitting Earth's atmosphere? The
coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, typically produced by solar flares might pose
a danger, if not for the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere. Using
International Space Station research and technology, scientists continue to
learn more about the atmosphere, adding important new data to the collective
understanding of this important defensive veil.
Atmospheric gasses, held in place by gravity, surround our planet and keep us
safe from extreme temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, and the vacuum of space.
Meanwhile, the magnetic fields generated by and surrounding the Earth -- the
magnetosphere -- help to shield us from the ever-present, solar wind-increased
radiation events resulting from CMEs.
The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA, developed a high-precision
technology that resides outside the station, mounted on the Japanese Experiment
Module–Exposed Facility, or JEM-EF, as part of an investigation to study the
chemical makeup of the Earth's middle atmosphere. Known as the Superconducting
Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder, or SMILES, this hardware uses a
superconducting detector cooled down to 4 Kelvins (-269 degrees Celsius) and is
the first of its kind in space
A cooperation between JAXA and the Japanese National Institute of Information
and Communications Technology, or NICT, made the development of SMILES
possible. Their combined objective was to use this space station technology to
demonstrate highly sensitive submillimeter-wave "the ozone layer."
The ozone layer helps to protect life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet
radiation, and is destroyed by trace atmospheric constituents such as chlorine
and bromine that can be produced from human-made refrigerants, solvents,
and other compounds. The data collected by SMILES improves our understanding of
how these trace atmospheric constituents impact the ozone layer.
A select set of research groups received observation data from SMILES, unique
for its high sensitivity detection of atmospheric chemistry. The use of this
data can help scientists find answers to questions of climate change, including
ozone and global warming research. While SMILES is no longer collecting data,
the hardware continues to run as a technology test on orbit.
A recent press
release from JAXA announced that the confirmed high-precision data from
this study, compiled during a 6 month period ending in April 2010, is now
available for release to the public. The SMILES data includes 11 types of
atmospheric minor elements, such as chlorine compounds and ozone. This
knowledge helps to expand scientific understanding of the atmosphere's chemical
makeup, specifically in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere.
Interested scientists can now download this atmospheric chemistry data for
study by registeringonline.
They can also e-mail JAXA -- including name, affiliation and objectives in less
than 50 words -- for permission to view the information at data-release@smiles.tksc.jaxa.jp.
Also visit the new International
Space Station Benefits for Humanity website for a detailed feature on SMILES.